这是一种方法-

def separate_regions(a, m):
    m0 = np.concatenate(( [False], m, [False] ))
    idx = np.flatnonzero(m0[1:] != m0[:-1])
    return [a[idx[i]:idx[i+1]] for i in range(0,len(idx),2)]

样品运行-

In [41]: a = np.array([10, 5, 3, 2, 1])
    ...: m = np.array([True, True, False, True, True])
    ...: 

In [42]: separate_regions(a, m)
Out[42]: [array([10,  5]), array([2, 1])]

运行时测试

其他方法-

# @kazemakase's soln
def zip_split(a, m):
    d = np.diff(m)
    cuts = np.flatnonzero(d) + 1

    asplit = np.split(a, cuts)
    msplit = np.split(m, cuts)

    L = [aseg for aseg, mseg in zip(asplit, msplit) if np.all(mseg)]
    return L

时间-

In [49]: a = np.random.randint(0,9,(100000))

In [50]: m = np.random.rand(100000)>0.2

# @kazemakase's's solution
In [51]: %timeit zip_split(a,m)
10 loops, best of 3: 114 ms per loop

# @Daniel Forsman's solution
In [52]: %timeit splitByBool(a,m)
10 loops, best of 3: 25.1 ms per loop

# Proposed in this post
In [53]: %timeit separate_regions(a, m)
100 loops, best of 3: 5.01 ms per loop

增加岛屿的平均长度-

In [58]: a = np.random.randint(0,9,(100000))

In [59]: m = np.random.rand(100000)>0.1

In [60]: %timeit zip_split(a,m)
10 loops, best of 3: 64.3 ms per loop

In [61]: %timeit splitByBool(a,m)
100 loops, best of 3: 14 ms per loop

In [62]: %timeit separate_regions(a, m)
100 loops, best of 3: 2.85 ms per loop