从 SET 操作删除表别名 m ，并使其 SET husband = p.id

Try it like below rather; remove table alias m from SET operation and make it SET husband = p.id

UPDATE master m
SET husband = p.id
From per p
where m.drid = p.drid 
AND p.address > 80000 
AND p.address <= 154969

(OR) without using table alias at all like

UPDATE master 
SET husband = per.id
From per
where master.drid = per.drid 
AND per.address > 80000 
AND per.address <= 154969

请参阅 Postgres Documentation For More