调试编译使用符号，并允许您在运行时查看代码。它还对变量进行了一些初始化，以帮助进行错误跟踪过程。

Debug compiles with symbols and allows you to "see" your code when it runs. It also does some initialization of variables to help in the bug tracking process.

发布通常是优化的，不生成调试数据。

Release is generally optimized, and does not generate debug data.

一般来说，当您编译问题在两者之间切换时，它涉及到文件夹的硬编码路径。

Generally when you get compile issues toggling between the two, it relates to hard coded paths to folders.

MSDN上的配置