只是为了解决您问题的最后一部分，因为那确实指出了 list 和 vector 在 R 中:

为什么这两个表达式返回的结果不一样?

x = 列表(1, 2, 3, 4);x2 = 列表(1:4)

列表可以包含任何其他类作为每个元素.所以你可以有一个列表，其中第一个元素是一个字符向量，第二个元素是一个数据框，等等.在这种情况下，你已经创建了两个不同的列表.x 有四个向量，每个长度为 1.x2 有 1 个长度为 4 的向量:

>长度(x[[1]])[1] 1>长度(x2[[1]])[1] 4

所以这些是完全不同的列表.

R 列表非常类似于 哈希映射 数据结构，因为每个索引值都可以与任何对象相关联.这是一个包含 3 个不同类(包括一个函数)的列表的简单示例:

>complex.list <- list(a"=1:4, b"=1:3, c"=matrix(1:4, nrow=2), d"=search)>lapply(complicated.list, class)$a[1] 整数"$b[1] 整数"$c[1]矩阵"$d[1]功能"

鉴于最后一个元素是搜索功能，我可以这样调用它:

>complex.list[[d"]]]()[1].GlobalEnv"...

作为最后的评论:应该注意 data.frame 实际上是一个列表(来自 data.frame 文档):

数据框是具有唯一行名称的相同行数的变量列表，给定类data.frame"

这就是为什么 data.frame 中的列可以有不同的数据类型，而矩阵中的列不能.例如，这里我尝试创建一个包含数字和字符的矩阵:

>＜- 1:4>类(一)[1] 整数">b <- c(a"、b"、c"、d")>d 

注意我无法将第一列中的数据类型更改为数字，因为第二列有字符:

>d[,1] 

Brief background: Many (most?) contemporary programming languages in widespread use have at least a handful of ADTs [abstract data types] in common, in particular,

• string (a sequence comprised of characters)

• list (an ordered collection of values), and

• map-based type (an unordered array that maps keys to values)

In the R programming language, the first two are implemented as character and vector, respectively.

When I began learning R, two things were obvious almost from the start: list is the most important data type in R (because it is the parent class for the R data.frame), and second, I just couldn't understand how they worked, at least not well enough to use them correctly in my code.

For one thing, it seemed to me that R's list data type was a straightforward implementation of the map ADT (dictionary in Python, NSMutableDictionary in Objective C, hash in Perl and Ruby, object literal in Javascript, and so forth).

For instance, you create them just like you would a Python dictionary, by passing key-value pairs to a constructor (which in Python is dict not list):

x = list("ev1"=10, "ev2"=15, "rv"="Group 1")

And you access the items of an R List just like you would those of a Python dictionary, e.g., x['ev1']. Likewise, you can retrieve just the 'keys' or just the 'values' by:

names(x)    # fetch just the 'keys' of an R list
# [1] "ev1" "ev2" "rv"

unlist(x)   # fetch just the 'values' of an R list
#   ev1       ev2        rv 
#  "10"      "15" "Group 1" 

x = list("a"=6, "b"=9, "c"=3)  

sum(unlist(x))
# [1] 18

but R lists are also unlike other map-type ADTs (from among the languages I've learned anyway). My guess is that this is a consequence of the initial spec for S, i.e., an intention to design a data/statistics DSL [domain-specific language] from the ground-up.

three significant differences between R lists and mapping types in other languages in widespread use (e.g,. Python, Perl, JavaScript):

first, lists in R are an ordered collection, just like vectors, even though the values are keyed (ie, the keys can be any hashable value not just sequential integers). Nearly always, the mapping data type in other languages is unordered.

second, lists can be returned from functions even though you never passed in a list when you called the function, and even though the function that returned the list doesn't contain an (explicit) list constructor (Of course, you can deal with this in practice by wrapping the returned result in a call to unlist):

x = strsplit(LETTERS[1:10], "")     # passing in an object of type 'character'

class(x)                            # returns 'list', not a vector of length 2
# [1] list

A third peculiar feature of R's lists: it doesn't seem that they can be members of another ADT, and if you try to do that then the primary container is coerced to a list. E.g.,

x = c(0.5, 0.8, 0.23, list(0.5, 0.2, 0.9), recursive=TRUE)

class(x)
# [1] list

my intention here is not to criticize the language or how it is documented; likewise, I'm not suggesting there is anything wrong with the list data structure or how it behaves. All I'm after is to correct is my understanding of how they work so I can correctly use them in my code.

Here are the sorts of things I'd like to better understand:

• What are the rules which determine when a function call will return a list (e.g., strsplit expression recited above)?

• If I don't explicitly assign names to a list (e.g., list(10,20,30,40)) are the default names just sequential integers beginning with 1? (I assume, but I am far from certain that the answer is yes, otherwise we wouldn't be able to coerce this type of list to a vector w/ a call to unlist.)

• Why do these two different operators, [], and [[]], return the same result?

  x = list(1, 2, 3, 4)

  both expressions return "1":

  x[1]

  x[[1]]

• why do these two expressions not return the same result?

  x = list(1, 2, 3, 4)

  x2 = list(1:4)

Please don't point me to the R Documentation (?list, R-intro)--I have read it carefully and it does not help me answer the type of questions I recited just above.

(lastly, I recently learned of and began using an R Package (available on CRAN) called hash which implements conventional map-type behavior via an S4 class; I can certainly recommend this Package.)

Just to address the last part of your question, since that really points out the difference between a list and vector in R:

Why do these two expressions not return the same result?

x = list(1, 2, 3, 4); x2 = list(1:4)

A list can contain any other class as each element. So you can have a list where the first element is a character vector, the second is a data frame, etc. In this case, you have created two different lists. x has four vectors, each of length 1. x2 has 1 vector of length 4:

> length(x[[1]])
[1] 1
> length(x2[[1]])
[1] 4

So these are completely different lists.

R lists are very much like a hash map data structure in that each index value can be associated with any object. Here's a simple example of a list that contains 3 different classes (including a function):

> complicated.list <- list("a"=1:4, "b"=1:3, "c"=matrix(1:4, nrow=2), "d"=search)
> lapply(complicated.list, class)
$a
[1] "integer"
$b
[1] "integer"
$c
[1] "matrix"
$d
[1] "function"

Given that the last element is the search function, I can call it like so:

> complicated.list[["d"]]()
[1] ".GlobalEnv" ...

As a final comment on this: it should be noted that a data.frame is really a list (from the data.frame documentation):

A data frame is a list of variables of the same number of rows with unique row names, given class ‘"data.frame"’

That's why columns in a data.frame can have different data types, while columns in a matrix cannot. As an example, here I try to create a matrix with numbers and characters:

> a <- 1:4
> class(a)
[1] "integer"
> b <- c("a","b","c","d")
> d <- cbind(a, b)
> d
 a   b  
[1,] "1" "a"
[2,] "2" "b"
[3,] "3" "c"
[4,] "4" "d"
> class(d[,1])
[1] "character"

Note how I cannot change the data type in the first column to numeric because the second column has characters:

> d[,1] <- as.numeric(d[,1])
> class(d[,1])
[1] "character"