很抱歉回答我自己的问题，但添加这三个符号链接允许rJava在Amazon Linux 2017.09.1上安装：

Sorry for answering my own question, but adding these three symbolic links allowed rJava to install on Amazon Linux 2017.09.1:

ln -s /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-amazon-linux/6.4.1/libgomp.spec /usr/lib64/libgomp.spec
ln -s /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-amazon-linux/6.4.1/libgomp.a /usr/lib64/libgomp.a
ln -s /usr/lib64/libgomp.so.1.0.0 /usr/lib64/libgomp.so