使用
 Androidapi.JNI.GraphicsContentViewText，
 Androidapi.JNI.Media，
 Androidapi.Helpers，
 Androidapi.JNI.Net，
 Androidapi.JNI.JavaTypes，
 Androidapi.JNI.App，
 Androidapi.JNI.Os，
 Androidapi.JNI.Support，
 System.IOUtils； 

过程TTabbedForm.Button1Click（Sender：TObject）; 
 var 
 Intent：JIntent； 
 FileName，DestFileName：字符串； 
数据：Jnet_Uri; 
 CompName：JComponentName； 
 lFile：JFile; 
 const 
 IMAGE_FILENAME =‘small_what.jpg’； 
开始

 FileName：= System.IOUtils.TPath.GetPublicPath + PathDelim + IMAGE_FILENAME; //部署到资产 

 DestFileName：= TPath.GetDownloadsPath + PathDelim + IMAGE_FILENAME; 
 TFile.Copy（FileName，DestFileName，true）; 

 Intent：= TJIntent.Create; 
 Intent.setAction（TJIntent.JavaClass.ACTION_VIEW）; 
如果TJBuild_VERSION.JavaClass.SDK_INT> = TJBuild_VERSION_CODES.JavaClass.N，则
开始
 lFile：= TJFile.JavaClass.init（StringToJString（FileName））; 
 Intent.setFlags（TJIntent.JavaClass.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION）; 
数据：= TJFileProvider.JavaClass.getUriForFile（TAndroidHelper.Context，
 StringToJString（'com.embarcadero.TestIntents.fileprovider'），lFile）; 
结束
否则
数据：= TJnet_Uri.JavaClass.parse（StringToJString（’file：//’+ DestFileName））; 

 Intent.setDataAndType（Data，StringToJString（’image / jpg’））; 

试试
 TAndroidHelper.Activity.startActivity（Intent）; 
，但E上的
除外：
开始
 Label1.Text：= E.Message; 
结尾； 
结尾； 
 

In earlier versions of Delphi (prior to 10.3 Rio), which targeted Android API < 24, it was possible to create file intents as shown in the answer to question opening the image with the external gallery using delphi

However, now that 10.3 targets Android API >= 24, that code, produces the error that is the subject of this question.

I endeavoured to answer the question at Delphi Use android fileprovider to send intent to open and image file with the default android gallery but that question was closed as a duplicate even though the answer the closer linked to, is in Android Java and not Delphi. My answer is below (which follows after a few protracted hours of research)

uses
  Androidapi.JNI.GraphicsContentViewText,
  Androidapi.JNI.Media,
  Androidapi.Helpers,
  Androidapi.JNI.Net,
  Androidapi.JNI.JavaTypes,
  Androidapi.JNI.App,
  Androidapi.JNI.Os,
  Androidapi.JNI.Support,
  System.IOUtils;

procedure TTabbedForm.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Intent: JIntent;
  FileName, DestFileName: string;
  Data: Jnet_Uri;
  CompName: JComponentName;
  lFile: JFile;
const
  IMAGE_FILENAME = 'small_what.jpg';
begin

  FileName := System.IOUtils.TPath.GetPublicPath + PathDelim + IMAGE_FILENAME; // deployed to "assets"

  DestFileName := TPath.GetDownloadsPath + PathDelim + IMAGE_FILENAME;
  TFile.Copy(FileName, DestFileName, true);

  Intent := TJIntent.Create;
  Intent.setAction(TJIntent.JavaClass.ACTION_VIEW);
  if TJBuild_VERSION.JavaClass.SDK_INT >= TJBuild_VERSION_CODES.JavaClass.N then
  begin
    lFile := TJFile.JavaClass.init(StringToJString(FileName));
    Intent.setFlags(TJIntent.JavaClass.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);
    Data := TJFileProvider.JavaClass.getUriForFile(TAndroidHelper.Context,
      StringToJString('com.embarcadero.TestIntents.fileprovider'), lFile);
  end
  else
    Data := TJnet_Uri.JavaClass.parse(StringToJString('file://' + DestFileName));

  Intent.setDataAndType(Data, StringToJString('image/jpg'));

  try
    TAndroidHelper.Activity.startActivity(Intent);
  except
    on E: Exception do
    begin
      Label1.Text := E.Message;
    end;
  end;