作为我的评论的后续文章，这是我的(有点不那么简单)示例，在这里起作用:

As a follow up to my comment, here is my (somewhat no-so-mimimal) example that works here:

一个非常简单的存储过程:

A very simple stored procedure:

USE [Test]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
ALTER procedure [dbo].[foo] 
@p1 int
AS
RETURN 13 + @p1

并且已经使用gui工具创建了该过程的同义词，名为dbo.fooSyn.

And a synonym to that procedure has been created (using gui tools) named dbo.fooSyn.

我可以在SQL Server 2014 Management Studio中执行这两项操作:

I can execute both from within SQL Server 2014 Management studio:

execute foo @p1 = 2
GO
execute fooSyn @p1 = 3
GO

两个语句均完整无误.

这是我的测试代码，使用该名称执行一次，并使用同义词执行一次:

And here is my test code to execute once using the name and once using the synonym:

#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <sql.h>
#include <sqlext.h>
#include <sqlucode.h>   

void printErrDbc(SQLHDBC hDbc)
{
    SQLSMALLINT recNr = 1;
    SQLRETURN ret = SQL_SUCCESS;
    while (ret == SQL_SUCCESS || ret == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
    {
        SQLWCHAR errMsg[SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1];
        SQLWCHAR sqlState[5 + 1];
        errMsg[0] = 0;
        SQLINTEGER nativeError;
        SQLSMALLINT cb = 0;
        ret = SQLGetDiagRec(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hDbc, recNr, sqlState, &nativeError, errMsg, SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1, &cb);
        if (ret == SQL_SUCCESS || ret == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
        {
            std::wcerr << L"ERROR; native: " << nativeError << L"; state: " << sqlState << L"; msg: " << errMsg << std::endl;
        }
        ++recNr;
    }
}

void printErrStmt(SQLHSTMT hStmt)
{
    SQLSMALLINT recNr = 1;
    SQLRETURN ret = SQL_SUCCESS;
    while (ret == SQL_SUCCESS || ret == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
    {
        SQLWCHAR errMsg[SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1];
        SQLWCHAR sqlState[5 + 1];
        errMsg[0] = 0;
        SQLINTEGER nativeError;
        SQLSMALLINT cb = 0;
        ret = SQLGetDiagRec(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, recNr, sqlState, &nativeError, errMsg, SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 1, &cb);
        if (ret == SQL_SUCCESS || ret == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
        {
            std::wcerr << L"ERROR; native: " << nativeError << L"; state: " << sqlState << L"; msg: " << errMsg << std::endl;
        }
        ++recNr;
    }
}

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    SQLRETURN   nResult = 0;
    SQLHANDLE   handleEnv = 0;

    nResult = SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, SQL_NULL_HANDLE, (SQLHANDLE*)&handleEnv);

    nResult = SQLSetEnvAttr(handleEnv, SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION, (SQLPOINTER)SQL_OV_ODBC3_80, SQL_IS_INTEGER);

    SQLHANDLE   handleDBC = 0;
    nResult = SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, handleEnv, (SQLHANDLE*)&handleDBC);

    SQLWCHAR     strConnect[256] = L"Driver={SQL Server Native Client 11.0};Server=.\\INSTANCE;Database=Test;Trusted_Connection=yes;";
    SQLWCHAR     strConnectOut[1024] = { 0 };
    SQLSMALLINT nNumOut = 0;
    nResult = SQLDriverConnect(handleDBC, NULL, (SQLWCHAR*)strConnect, SQL_NTS, (SQLWCHAR*)strConnectOut, sizeof(strConnectOut),
        &nNumOut, SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrDbc(handleDBC);
    }

    nResult = SQLSetConnectAttr(handleDBC, SQL_ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, (SQLUINTEGER)SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_OFF, NULL);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrDbc(handleDBC);
    }

    SQLHSTMT    handleStatement = 0;
    nResult = SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, handleDBC, (SQLHANDLE*)&handleStatement);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrDbc(handleDBC);
    }

    // Bind return code
    SQLINTEGER res = 0;
    SQLLEN cb = 0;
    SWORD sParm1 = 0;
    SQLLEN cbParm1 = SQL_NTS;

    nResult = SQLBindParameter(handleStatement, 1, SQL_PARAM_OUTPUT, SQL_C_SSHORT, SQL_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sParm1, 0, &cbParm1);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrStmt(handleStatement);
    }

    // And call using synonym name
    nResult = SQLExecDirect(handleStatement, L"{? = call fooSyn(3)}", SQL_NTS);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrStmt(handleStatement);
    }

    nResult = SQLFetch(handleStatement);
    std::wcout << L"Result is: " << sParm1 << std::endl;

    // Note: It also works using EXECUTE - but I dont remember how to read return value like that.
    nResult = SQLExecDirect(handleStatement, L"execute foo @p1 = 2", SQL_NTS);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrStmt(handleStatement);
    }
    else
    {
        std::wcout << L"Working using name" << std::endl;
    }
    nResult = SQLExecDirect(handleStatement, L"execute fooSyn @p1 = 2", SQL_NTS);
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(nResult))
    {
        printErrStmt(handleStatement);
    }
    else
    {
        std::wcout << L"Working using synonym" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

这将打印出预期的输出:

This prints out the expected output:

Result is: 16
Working using name
Working using synonym

那么，您的设置有什么区别?

So, what is the difference to your setup?

总结我的设置:

• SQL Server 2014 Express Edition
• SQL Server本机客户端11.0版本2011.110.3000.00(但它仅使用{SQL Server}作为驱动程序也可以工作)
• Windows 7教授
• 与Visual Studio 2013一起编译.
• 使用odbc版本3.8.
• 同义词和存储过程在同一数据库中，甚至在该数据库中的相同架构中也是如此.