某些时间：

set.seed(1001)
d <- sample(1:100000, 100000, replace=T)
d <- c(d, sample(d, 20000, replace=T))  # ensure many duplicates
mb <- microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  d[!(duplicated(d) | duplicated(d, fromLast=TRUE))],
  setdiff(d, d[duplicated(d)]),
  {tmp <- rle(sort(d)); tmp$values[tmp$lengths == 1]},
  as.integer(names(table(d)[table(d)==1])),
  d[!(duplicated.default(d) | duplicated.default(d, fromLast=TRUE))],
  d[!(d %in% d[duplicated(d)])],
  { ud = unique(d); ud[tabulate(match(d, ud)) == 1L] },
  d[!(.Internal(duplicated(d, F, F, NA)) | .Internal(duplicated(d, F, T, NA)))]
)
summary(mb)[, c(1, 4)]  # in milliseconds
#                                                                                expr      mean
#1                               d[!(duplicated(d) | duplicated(d, fromLast = TRUE))]  18.34692
#2                                                       setdiff(d, d[duplicated(d)])  24.84984
#3                       {     tmp <- rle(sort(d))     tmp$values[tmp$lengths == 1] }   9.53831
#4                                         as.integer(names(table(d)[table(d) == 1])) 255.76300
#5               d[!(duplicated.default(d) | duplicated.default(d, fromLast = TRUE))]  18.35360
#6                                                      d[!(d %in% d[duplicated(d)])]  24.01009
#7                        {     ud = unique(d)     ud[tabulate(match(d, ud)) == 1L] }  32.10166
#8 d[!(.Internal(duplicated(d, F, F, NA)) | .Internal(duplicated(d,      F, T, NA)))]  18.33475

看看他们是否正确？

 results <- list(d[!(duplicated(d) | duplicated(d, fromLast=TRUE))],
         setdiff(d, d[duplicated(d)]),
         {tmp <- rle(sort(d)); tmp$values[tmp$lengths == 1]},
         as.integer(names(table(d)[table(d)==1])),
         d[!(duplicated.default(d) | duplicated.default(d, fromLast=TRUE))],
         d[!(d %in% d[duplicated(d)])],
         { ud = unique(d); ud[tabulate(match(d, ud)) == 1L] },
         d[!(.Internal(duplicated(d, F, F, NA)) | .Internal(duplicated(d, F, T, NA)))])
 all(sapply(ls, all.equal, c(3, 5, 6)))
 # TRUE