所以...尽管我相信相反，但这是一个代码签名问题。在Xcode中的 test 目标（而不是产品目标）上手动设置配置文件，我的测试已经通过设备运行。

So... despite my belief to the contrary, this is a code-signing issue. Manually setting the provisioning profile on the test target (not the product target) in Xcode got my test up and running through the device.

与iOS模拟器相比，测试以新的和意外的（信号量相关的）方式失败，但这是一个完全不同的讨论。

The test fails in a new and unexpected (something semaphore-related) way compared to the iOS Simulator, but that's a whole different discussion.

希望这有助于某人。